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JEE Main 2024 · Mathematics · Indefinite and Definite Integrals · medium

It is known that ∫0^π/2ln (sin x) dx=-(π)/(2)ln 2. Using this, ∫0^πln (1-cos x) dx is equal to

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It is known that ∫0π/2ln⁡(sin⁡x) dx=−π2ln⁡2\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2}\ln(\sin x)\,dx=-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ln2. Using this, ∫0πln⁡(1−cos⁡x) dx\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi}\ln(1-\cos x)\,dx is equal to
  1. A. −2πln⁡2-2\pi\ln2
  2. B. πln⁡2\pi\ln2
  3. C. −π2ln⁡2-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ln2
  4. D. −πln⁡2-\pi\ln2
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Answer: (D) −πln⁡2-\pi\ln2

Use 1−cos⁡x=2sin⁡2x21-\cos x=2\sin^2\dfrac x2. Then ln⁡(1−cos⁡x)=ln⁡2+2ln⁡sin⁡x2\ln(1-\cos x)=\ln2+2\ln\sin\dfrac x2 and ∫0πln⁡(1−cos⁡x) dx=πln⁡2+2∫0πln⁡sin⁡x2 dx\int_0^\pi\ln(1-\cos x)\,dx=\pi\ln2+2\int_0^\pi\ln\sin\dfrac x2\,dx. Substitute u=x2u=\dfrac x2, so dx=2 dudx=2\,du and the limits become 00 to π2\dfrac\pi2: the last integral equals 2∫0π/2ln⁡sin⁡u du=2(−π2ln⁡2)=−πln⁡22\int_0^{\pi/2}\ln\sin u\,du=2\left(-\dfrac\pi2\ln2\right)=-\pi\ln2. Therefore the whole integral is πln⁡2+2(−πln⁡2)=−πln⁡2\pi\ln2+2(-\pi\ln2)=-\pi\ln2. The integrand is singular at x=0x=0 but integrable. Forgetting the factor 22 from dx=2 dudx=2\,du gives −π2ln⁡2-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ln 2 instead. Numerical integration of the original expression agrees with this closed form to many decimal places, which is a useful sanity check.
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